Effects of Rising Temperature on Microwave Communications in Ducting Environment over the Southern Region of Pakistan in the Northern Arabian Sea

Imran Ullah Khan

doi:10.33317/ssurj.175

Authors

Imran Ullah Khan Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33317/ssurj.175

Keywords:

Microwave communication, surface duct, refractive index, coastal region

Abstract

The propagation of microwave (MW) of frequencies above 300 MHz is affected by the existence and properties of the atmospheric duct. Atmospheric ducts exist in many areas of the world ocean, including the Arabian Sea. Located in the Hadley Cell and monsoon region, different seasons bring air masses of different properties into the area under investigation, which has a significant impact on the formation and strength of the atmospheric duct. In this paper, we have done the modeling to analyze the patterns of electromagnetic ducting, which is significant in the southern region of Pakistan in the Arabian Sea. To analyze the real-time scenario, data were collected from three different areas off the southern coast of Pakistan in the northern Arabian Sea to observe the electromagnetic wave's effect on the evaporation ducts. Our analysis results reveal that rising temperature plays a significant role where ducts occur above 30% in the summer months and less than 7% in the spring, autumn, and winter months. It is due to an increase in temperature, especially in summer and autumn months, where humidity gradients play an essential role in creating a higher frequency of duct. The same observations were simulated to view the time analysis of pressure, humidity, and potential temperature in this region, depending upon the refractive index.

References

Gao, J., Brewster, K., & Xue, M. (2008). Variation of radio refractivity with respect to moisture and temperature and influence on radar ray path. Advances in atmospheric sciences, 25(6), 1098-1106.

Katzin, M., Pezzner, H., Koo, B. Y. C., Larson, J. V., & Katzin, J. C. (1960). The trade-wind inversion as a transoceanic duct. Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio propagation, 64(3), 247-253.

Turton, J. D., Bennetts, D. A., & Farmer, S. G. (1988). An introduction to radio ducting. Meteorological Magazine, 117(1393), 245-254.

Craig, K.H. (2003). Clear- air characteristics of the troposphere. In: Barclay, L.W., ed. 2003. Propagation of Radio Waves (2nd Edition). London: IET. Ch. 7.

Hall, M.P.M. (1979). Effect of the Troposphere on Radio Communication. Institute of Electrical Engineers, Ch. 1,2 and 6.

Picquenard, A. (1974). Radio Wave Propagation, The Macmillan Press Ltd., Ch. 2.

Atkinson, B. W., & Zhu, M. (2006). Coastal effects on radar propagation in atmospheric ducting conditions. Meteorological Applications: A journal of forecasting, practical applications, training techniques and modelling, 13(1), 53-62.

Willis, M. (2007). Microwave propagation. Retrieved from http://www.mikewillis.com/Tutorial/PF6.htm.

MCTD 3.0 Manual, MCTD, Falmouth Scientific, INC USA.

Technical Handbook, Survey Echo Sounder Hydro Star 4900, L3 communications.

Technical Handbook, GPS Surveyor model 4000SST, Trimble Navigation Limited, California.

Technical Handbook, Current Meters model 308, Vale port Limited.

Bruce W. (2006). Atmospheric refraction: how electromagnetic waves bend in the atmosphere and why it matters. Naval postgraduate school library. Retrieved from: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/.

Bean, B., Dutton, E. (1968). Radio Meteorology. Dover Publications, 435.

Hydrographic office (1994). The Effects of the Environment on Radio and Radar Wave Propagation. Naval Oceanography and Meteorology Memorandum No 1(94) NP 486A (21).

Bennett, A. F. (1992). Inverse Methods in Physical Oceanography. Cambridge: The University Press.